Bolívar and the second or maternal family name is Palacios. In this spanish name, the first or paternal surname isand the moment or enate syndicate list is
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Ponte Palacios y Blanco ( BOL-iv-ər, -ar, [ 2 ] besides BOH-liv-ar, [ 3 ] spanish : [ siˈmom boˈliβaɾ ] ( ) ; [ a ] 24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830 ), besides colloquially as El Libertador, [ 4 ] or Liberator of America, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] was a venezuelan military and political leader who led what are presently the countries of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama to independence from the spanish Empire.
Reading: Simón Bolívar
Bolívar was born in Caracas into a affluent syndicate and, as was common for heirs of upper-class families in his day, was sent to be educated abroad at a young age, arriving in Spain when he was 16 and later moving to France. While in Europe he was introduced to the ideas of the Enlightenment, which subsequently motivated him to overthrow the reigning spanish in colonial South America. Taking advantage of the perturb in Spain prompted by the Peninsular War, Bolívar began his political campaign for independence in 1808. [ 7 ] The crusade for the independence of Colombia ( Gran Colombia —later New Granada ) was consolidated with the victory at the Battle of Boyacá on 7 August 1819. He established an organized national congress within three years. Despite a number of hindrances, including the arrival of an unprecedentedly boastfully spanish expeditionary force, the revolutionaries finally prevailed, culminating in the victory at the Battle of Carabobo in 1821, which effectively made Venezuela an autonomous country. Following this gloat over the spanish monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Latin America, Gran Colombia, of which he was president from 1819 to 1830. Through promote military campaigns, he ousted spanish rulers from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, the death of which was named after him. He was simultaneously president of Gran Colombia ( contemporary Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador ), Peru, and Bolivia, but soon after, his second-in-command, Antonio José de Sucre, was appointed president of the united states of Bolivia. Bolívar aimed at a strong and unify Spanish America able to cope not merely with the threats emanating from Spain and the European Holy Alliance but besides with the emerging power of the United States. At the bill of his exponent, Bolívar ruled over a huge territory from the Argentine surround to the Caribbean Sea. Bolívar is viewed as a national picture in much of modern South America, and is considered one of the great heroes of the Hispanic independence movements of the early nineteenth century, along with José de San Martín, Francisco de Miranda and others. Towards the end of his life, Bolívar despaired of the situation in his native region, with the celebrated quotation mark “ all who served the revolution have plowed the sea ”. [ 8 ] : 450 In an cover to the Constituent Congress of the Republic of Colombia, Bolívar stated “ Fellow citizens ! I blush to say this : independence is the only benefit we have acquired, to the detriment of all the rest. ” [ 9 ]
family history [edit ]
origin of Bolívar surname [edit ]
An 18th-century portrayal of Bolívar ‘s father, Juan Vicente Bolívar yttrium Ponte The surname Bolívar originated with aristocrats from Ziortza-Bolibar ( spanish : Puebla de Bolívar ), a small greenwich village in the Basque Country of Spain. [ 10 ] Bolívar ‘s forefather came from the female production line of the Ardanza family. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] His maternal grandma was descended from families from the Canary Islands. [ b ]
sixteenth century [edit ]
The Bolívars settled in Venezuela in the sixteenth hundred. Bolívar ‘s inaugural confederacy american ancestor was Simón de Bolívar ( or Simon de Bolibar ; the spell was not standardized until the nineteenth hundred ), who lived and worked from 1559 to 1560 in Santo Domingo ( contemporary Dominican Republic ) where his son Simón de Bolívar y Castro was born. When the governor was reassigned to Venezuela by the spanish Crown in 1569, Simón de Bolívar went with him. As an early settler in Spain ‘s Venezuela Province he became outstanding in the local society, and he and his descendants were granted estates, encomiendas, and positions in the local cabildo. When Caracas Cathedral was built in 1569, the Bolívar family had one of the first gear consecrated side chapels. The majority of the wealth of Simón de Bolívar ‘s descendants came from their estates. The most significant was a boodle grove with an encomienda that provided the department of labor needed to run the estate of the realm. Another part of the Bolívars ‘ wealth came from silver medal, gold, and bull mines. Small gold deposits were beginning mined in Venezuela in 1669, leading to the discovery of much more across-the-board copper deposits. From his mother ‘s side ( the Palacios family ), Bolívar inherited the Aroa copper mines at Cocorote. native american and african slaves provided the majority of the labor in these mines .
seventeenth hundred [edit ]
Toward the end of the seventeenth hundred, copper mining became so outstanding in Venezuela that the metallic became known as cobre Caracas ( “ Caracas copper ” ). many of the mines became the place of the Bolívar family. Bolívar ‘s grandfather, Juan de Bolívar y Martínez de Villegas, paid 22,000 ducats to the monastery at Santa Maria de Montserrat in 1728 for a championship of nobility that had been granted by King Philip V of Spain for its maintenance. The crown never issued the patent of nobility, and then the purchase became the national of lawsuits that were still in build up during Bolívar ‘s life, when independence from Spain made the detail consider. ( If the lawsuits had been successful, Bolívar ‘s older brother, Juan Vicente, would have become the Marquess of San Luis and Viscount of Cocorote. ) Bolívar ultimately devoted his personal luck to the revolution. Having been one of the wealthiest persons in the spanish american worldly concern at the beginning of the rotation, he died in poverty. [ 8 ]
early life [edit ]
House that hosted Simón Bolívar during his persist in Bilbao between March 1801 and April 1802 .
childhood [edit ]
Simón Bolívar at the age of 17, in 1801 Simón Bolívar was born in a house in Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela, on 24 July 1783. [ 8 ] : 6 He was baptized as Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios. His mother was María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco, and his father was Colonel Don Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte. He had two older sisters and a brother : María Antonia, Juana, and Juan Vicente. Another sister, María del Carmen, died at parturition. When Bolívar was an baby, he was cared for by Doña Ines Manceba de Miyares and the syndicate ‘s slave, Hipólita. A couple of years former, he returned to the manage of his parents, but this experience would have a major effect on his biography. His beget died before Bolívar ‘s third birthday of tuberculosis, and his mother died when he was about nine. After his beget ‘s death, Bolívar was placed in the hands of an teacher, Miguel José Sanz, but this relationship did not work come out of the closet and he was sent back home. He went on to receive private lessons from the celebrated professors Andrés Bello, Guillermo Pelgrón, Jose Antonio Negrete, Fernando Vides, Father Andújar, and Don Simón Rodríguez, once known as Simón Carreño. Don Simón Rodríguez became Bolívar ‘s teacher, ally and mentor. He taught him how to swim and ride horses, angstrom well as about autonomy, homo rights, politics, history, and sociology. Later in life, Rodríguez was pivotal in Bolívar ‘s decisiveness to start the revolution, instilling in him the ideas of liberty, nirvana, and freedom. In the interim, Bolívar was cared for by and large by his nurse, his slave Hipólita, whom he saw as both a mother and a church father .
young [edit ]
1804 painting of Bolívar at old age 20 When Bolívar was fourteen, Don Simón Rodríguez was forced to leave the area after being accused of involvement in a conspiracy against the spanish government in Caracas. Bolívar then entered the military academy of the Milicias de Aragua. In 1800, he was sent to Spain to follow his military studies in Madrid, where he remained until 1802. Back in Europe in 1804, he lived in France and traveled to different countries. While in Milan, Bolívar witnessed the coronation of Napoleon as King of Italy ( a kingdom in personal coupling with France in modern northern Italy ), an event that left a heavy impression on him. flush if he disagreed with the crown, he was highly sensitive to the popular fear inspired by the hero .
political and military career [edit ]
Venezuela and New Granada, 1807–1821 [edit ]
Bolívar in 1812 Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807. After a coup on 19 April 1810, Venezuela achieved de facto independence when the Supreme Junta of Caracas was established and the colonial administrators were deposed. The Supreme Junta sent a deputation to Great Britain to get british realization and help. This deputation, led by Bolívar, included two future Venezuelan notables : Andrés Bello and Luis López Méndez. The trio met with Francisco de Miranda and persuaded him to return to his native nation .
First Republic of Venezuela, 1811–1812 [edit ]
In 1811, a deputation from the Supreme Junta, including Bolívar, and a crowd of commoners enthusiastically received Miranda in La Guaira. [ 18 ] During the insurgency conducted by Miranda, Bolívar was promoted to colonel and was made commanding officer of Puerto Cabello the follow year, 1812. As monarchist Frigate Captain Domingo de Monteverde was advancing into republican district from the west, Bolívar lost control of San Felipe Castle along with its ammunition stores on 30 June 1812. Bolívar then retreated to his estate in San Mateo. Miranda saw the republican cause as lost and signed a capitulation agreement with Monteverde on 25 July, an action that Bolívar and other rotatory officers deemed faithless. In one of Bolívar ‘s most morally dubious acts, he and others arrested Miranda and handed him over to the spanish Royal Army at the port of La Guaira. [ 19 ] For his apparent services to the Royalist causal agent, Monteverde granted Bolívar a recommendation, and Bolívar left for Curaçao on 27 August. [ 20 ] It must be said, though, that Bolívar protested to the spanish authorities about the reasons why he had turned over Miranda, insisting that he had not been lending a service to the Crown but punishing a deserter. [ citation needed ] In 1813, he was given a military command in Tunja, New Granada ( contemporary Colombia ), under the guidance of the Congress of United Provinces of New Granada, which had formed out of the juntas established in 1810 .
second Republic of Venezuela ( 1813–1814 ) and exile [edit ]
Bolívar in 1816, during his stay in Haiti This was the begin of the Admirable Campaign. On 24 May, Bolívar entered Mérida, where he was proclaimed El Libertador ( “ The Liberator ” ). [ 21 ] This was followed by the occupation of Trujillo on 9 June. Six days subsequently, and as a result of spanish massacres on independence supporters, Bolívar dictated his celebrated “ Decree of War to the Death “, allowing the kill of any Spaniard not actively supporting independence. Caracas was retaken on 6 August 1813, and Bolívar was ratified as El Libertador, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela. The stick to class, because of the rebellion of José Tomás Boves and the precipitate of the democracy, Bolívar returned to New Granada, where he commanded a force for the United Provinces. His forces entered Bogotá in 1814 and recaptured the city from the dissenting republican forces of Cundinamarca. Bolívar intended to march into Cartagena and enlist the aid of local forces in order to capture the Royalist township of Santa Marta. In 1815, however, after political and military disputes with the government of Cartagena, Bolívar fled to Jamaica, where he was denied subscribe. After an character assassination try in Jamaica, [ 22 ] he fled to Haiti, where he was granted protection. He befriended Alexandre Pétion, the president of the united states of the recently autonomous southerly democracy ( as opposed to the Kingdom of Haiti in the north ), and petitioned him for help. [ 21 ] Pétion provided the south american drawing card with abundant provisions consisting of ships, men and weapons, demanding in reappearance entirely that Bolívar predict to abolish bondage in any of the lands he took back from Spain. The pledge would indeed be continue, and the abolition of slavery in the emancipate territories would be regarded as one Bolívar ‘s main achievements. [ 23 ]
Campaigns in Venezuela, 1816–1818 [edit ]
“ Should I not let it be known to later generations that Alexandre Pétion is the true liberator of my country ? ”
—Simón Bolívar [ 24 ] [ 25 ]
In 1816, with haitian soldiers and vital material support, Bolívar landed in Venezuela and fulfilled his promise to Pétion to free Spanish America ‘s slaves on 2 June 1816. [ 8 ] : 186 The expedition of the Keys was led by Bolívar and fought for Venezuela in the east, while the Guyana Campaign started in the west and was led by Manuel Piar. In July 1817, on a second expedition, he captured Angostura after defeating the counter-attack of Miguel de la Torre. [ 8 ] : 192–201 however, Venezuela remained a captainship of Spain after the victory in 1818 by Pablo Morillo in the second gear Battle of La Puerta ( vitamin e ). [ 8 ] : 212 After capturing Angostura, and an unexpected victory in New Granada, Bolívar set up a temp government in Venezuela. This was the beginning of the Third Republic of Venezuela. With this Bolívar created the Congress of Angostura which following the wars would establish Gran Colombia, a department of state which includes today ‘s territories of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. To honor Bolívar ‘s efforts to help Venezuela during its independence bowel movement, the city of Angostura was renamed to Ciudad Bolívar in 1846 .
dismissal of New Granada and Venezuela, 1819–1821 [edit ]
On 15 February 1819, Bolívar was able to open the Venezuelan Second National Congress in Angostura, in which he was elected president and Francisco Antonio Zea was elected frailty president of the united states. [ 8 ] : 222–25 Bolívar then decided that he would beginning fight for the independence of New Granada, to gain resources of the viceroyalty, intending later to consolidate the independence of Venezuela. [ 26 ] The campaign for the independence of New Granada, which included the cross of the Andes batch range, one of history ‘s bang-up military feats, was consolidated with the victory at the Battle of Boyacá on 7 August 1819. [ 8 ] : 233 Bolívar returned to Angostura, when congress passed a law forming a greater Republic of Colombia on 17 December, making Bolívar president and Zea vice president, with Francisco de Paula Santander vice president on the New Granada side, and Juan Germán Roscio frailty president of the united states on the Venezuela side. [ 8 ] : 246–47
Morillo was left in control of Caracas and the coastal highlands. [ 8 ] : 248 After the restoration of the Cádiz Constitution, Morillo ratified two treaties with Bolívar on 25 November 1820, calling for a six-month armistice and recognizing Bolívar as president of the united states of the democracy. [ 8 ] : 254–55 Bolívar and Morillo met in Santa Ana de Trujillo on 27 November, after which Morillo left Venezuela for Spain, leaving La Torre in command. [ 8 ] : 255–57 From his newly consolidated basis of ability, Bolívar launched outright independence campaigns in Venezuela and Ecuador. These campaigns concluded with the victory at the Battle of Carabobo, after which Bolívar triumphantly entered Caracas on 29 June 1821. [ 8 ] : 267 On 7 September 1821, Gran Colombia ( a state covering much of modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela ) was created, with Bolívar as president and Santander as vice president .
ecuador and Peru, 1822–1824 [edit ]
Bolívar followed with the Battle of Bombona and the Battle of Pichincha, after which he entered Quito on 16 June 1822. [ 8 ] : 287 On 26 and 27 July 1822, Bolívar held the Guayaquil Conference with the Argentine General José de San Martín, who had received the style of “ Protector of peruvian Freedom ” in August 1821 after partially liberating Peru from the spanish. [ 8 ] : 295 Thereafter, Bolívar took over the job of in full liberating Peru .
Battle of Junín, 6 August 1824 The peruvian congress named Bolívar dictator of Peru on 10 February 1824, which allowed him to reorganize completely the political and military administration. Assisted by Antonio José de Sucre, Bolívar decisively defeated the spanish cavalry at the Battle of Junín on 6 August 1824. Sucre destroyed the inactive numerically superscript remnants of the spanish forces at Ayacucho on 9 December 1824. According to british historian Robert Harvey :
Bolívar ‘s achievements in Peru had been vitamin a stagger as any in his career of a year, from holding a strip of the state ‘s north slide while himself about moribund, he and Sucre had taken on and defeated an army of 18,000 men and secured a area the size of about all of Western Europe … the investing of personal energy, the distances covered and the four army expeditions across purportedly impassable mountain ranges had qualified him for superhuman condition … His stamina and military achievements put him at the forefront of the global heroes of history. [ 27 ]
Writing to United States Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in 1824, United States Consul in Peru William Tudor stated :
unfortunately for Peru, the invaders who came to proclaim liberty and independence were barbarous, edacious, unprincipled and incapable. Their mismanagement, their profligacy, and their hunger for loot soon alienated the affections of the inhabitants. [ 28 ]
even though Bolívar condemned the corrupt practices of the spanish, he ordered some churches stripped of their decorations. [ 29 ] On 19 March 1824, José Gabriel Pérez wrote to Antonio José de Sucre about the orders given to him by Bolívar ; [ 30 ] Pérez talked about “ all the average and extraordinary means ” that should be applied to assure the subsistence of the patriot army. indeed, Pérez said that Bolívar issued instructions to take from churches “ all gold and silver jewels ” in order to coin them and pay war expenditures. Days later, Bolívar himself said to Sucre that there would be a complete lack of resources unless severe actions were taken against “ the jewels of the churches, everywhere ”. [ 31 ]
consolidation of independence, 1825–1830 [edit ]
Republic of Bolivia [edit ]
On 6 August 1825, at the Congress of Upper Peru, the “ Republic of Bolivia ” was created. [ 8 ] : 346 Bolívar is frankincense one of the few people to have a country named after him. Bolívar returned to Caracas on 12 January 1827, and then back to Bogotá. [ 8 ] : 369, 378, 408 Bolívar had great difficulties maintaining control over the huge Gran Colombia. In 1826, internal divisions sparked dissent throughout the state, and regional uprisings erupted in Venezuela. The new South American union had revealed its fragility and appeared to be on the scepter of break down. To preserve the union, an amnesty was declared and an arrangement was reached with the Venezuelan rebels, but this increased the political disagree in neighboring New Granada. In an attack to keep the nation together as a single entity, Bolívar called for a constitutional convention at Ocaña in March 1828 .
Struggles inside Gran Colombia [edit ]
El Libertador ( Bolívar diplomático ), 1860 Bolívar thought that a federation like the one founded in the United States was impossible in spanish America. [ 8 ] : 106, 166 For this argue, and to prevent a break-up, Bolívar sought to implement a more centralist model of government in Gran Colombia, including some or all of the elements of the bolivian fundamental law he had written, which included a life presidency with the ability to select a successor ( although this presidency was to be held in check by an intricate system of balances ). [ 8 ] : 351 This move was considered controversial in New Granada and was one of the reasons for the deliberations that took place from 9 April to 10 June 1828. The convention about ended up drafting a document which would have implemented a radically federalist form of government, which would have greatly reduced the powers of a central administration. The federalist faction was able to command a majority for the draft of a fresh fundamental law which has definite federal characteristics despite its apparently centralist delineate. unhappy with what would be the ensuing result, pro-Bolívar delegates withdrew from the convention, leaving it stagnant. [ 33 ] Two months after the failure of this congress to write a fresh united states constitution, Bolívar was declared president-liberator in Colombia ‘s “ Organic Decree ”. [ 8 ] : 394 He considered this a impermanent measure, as a mean to reestablish his authority and save the republic, although it increased dissatisfaction and anger among his political opponents. [ 8 ] : 408 An character assassination attack on 25 September 1828 failed ( in spanish it is indeed known as the Noche Septembrina ), thanks to the help of his fan, Manuela Sáenz. [ 8 ] : 399–405 Bolívar subsequently described Manuela as “ Liberatrix of the Liberator ”. [ 8 ] : 403 Dissent continued, and uprisings occurred in New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador during the adjacent two years. [ 33 ] Bolívar initially claimed to “ forgive ” those who were considered conspirators, members of the “ Santander ” faction. finally, though, he subjected them to motor hotel warlike, after which those accused of being directly involved were executed, some without having their guilt fully established. Santander, who had known in overture of the conspiracy and had not directly opposed it because of his differences with Bolívar, was condemned to death. Bolívar, though, commuted the prison term. After, Bolívar continued to govern in a rarefy environment, cornered by fractional disputes. Uprisings occurred in New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador during the follow two years. The separatists accused him of betraying republican principles and of wanting to establish a permanent wave dictatorship. [ 33 ] Gran Colombia declared war against Peru when president General La Mar invaded Guayaquil. He was subsequently defeated by Marshall Antonio José de Sucre in the Battle of the Portete de Tarqui, 27 February 1829. Sucre was killed on 4 June 1830. [ 34 ] General Juan José Flores wanted to separate the southern departments ( Quito, Guayaquil, and Azuay ), known as the District of Ecuador, from Gran Colombia to form an independent country and become its beginning President. Venezuela was proclaimed freelancer on 13 January 1830 and José Antonio Páez maintained the presidency of that nation, banishing Bolívar .
Map of Gran Colombia
adjournment of Gran Colombia [edit ]
For Bolívar, South America was the fatherland. He dreamed of a connect spanish America and in the pursuit of that purpose he not only created Gran Colombia but besides the Confederation of the Andes whose draw a bead on was to unite the aforementioned with Peru and Bolivia. furthermore, he promoted a network of treaties keeping the newly liberated south american countries together. however, he was ineffective to control the centrifugal procedure which pushed outwards in all directions. On 20 January 1830, as his dream fell apart, Bolívar delivered his final examination address to the nation, announcing that he would be stepping down from the presidency of Gran Colombia. In his manner of speaking, a distraught Bolívar urged the people to maintain the union and to be leery of the intentions of those who advocated for separation. ( note : At the time, “ Colombians ” referred to the people of Gran Colombia—Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador—not contemporary Colombia ) :
Colombians ! today I cease to govern you. I have served you for twenty dollar bill years as soldier and drawing card. During this farseeing period we have taken back our country, liberated three republics, fomented many civil wars, and four times I have returned to the people their omnipotence, convening personally four constitutional congresses. These services were inspired by your virtues, your courage, and your patriotism ; mine is the big privilege of having governed you.
The constitutional sexual intercourse convened on this day is charged by Providence with the undertaking of giving the nation the institutions she desires, following the path of circumstances and the nature of things. Fearing that I may be regarded as an obstacle to establishing the Republic on the genuine base of its happiness, I personally have cast myself down from the supreme position of leadership to which your generosity had elevated me. Colombians ! I have been the victim of black suspicions, with no possible way to defend the honor of my principles. The like persons who aspire to the supreme command have conspired to tear your hearts from me, attributing to me their own motives, making me seem to be the instigator of projects they themselves have conceived, representing me, ultimately, as aspiring to a crown which they themselves have offered on more than one occasion and which I have rejected with the indignation of the fiercest republican. never, never, I swear to you, has it crossed my mind to aspire to a kingship that my enemies have fabricated in order to ruin me in your esteem. Do not be deceived, Colombians ! My alone desire has been to contribute to your freedom and to be the preservation of your peace of mind. If for this I am held guilty, I deserve your reprimand more than any homo. Do not listen, I beg you, to the despicable aspersion and the brassy envy stirring up discord on all sides. Will you allow yourself to be deceived by the false accusations of my detractors ? Please do n’t be foolish ! Colombians ! Gather around the constitutional congress. It represents the wisdom of solomon of the nation, the legitimate hope of the people, and the final target of reunion of the patriots. Its autonomous decrees will determine our lives, the happiness of the Republic, and the glory of Colombia. If awful circumstances should cause you to abandon it, there will be no health for the country, and you will drown in the ocean of anarchy, leaving as your children ‘s bequest nothing but crime, blood, and death. fellow Countrymen ! Hear my final supplication as I end my political career ; in the name of Colombia I ask you, beg you, to remain united, lest you become the assassins of the state and your own executioners. [ 35 ]
Bolívar ultimately failed in his try to prevent the collapse of the union. Gran Colombia was dissolved later that year and was replaced by the republics of Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. Ironically, these countries were established as centralist nations, and would be governed for decades this way by leaders who, during Bolívar ‘s last years, had accused him of betraying republican principles and of wanting to establish a permanent wave dictatorship. These separatists, among them José Antonio Páez and Francisco de Paula Santander, had justified their opposition to Bolívar for this reason and publicly denounced him as a sovereign. Some of them had in the past been accused of plotting against Bolívar ‘s life ( Santander, who governed the second centralist government of New Granada, was associated with the September Conspiracy [ es ] ). José María Obando, the first President of the Republic of New Granada ( that succeeded the Gran Colombia ), had been directly linked to the character assassination of Antonio José de Sucre in 1830. Sucre was regarded by some as a political menace because of his popularity after he led a resound patriot victory at the Battle of Ayacucho, ending the war against the spanish Empire in South America. Bolívar besides considered him his lead successor and had attempted to make him vice president of the united states of Gran Colombia after Francisco de Paula Santander was exiled in 1828. [ 36 ]
aftermath [edit ]
For the rest of the nineteenth hundred and into the early on twentieth century, the political environment of Latin America was fraught with civil wars and characterized by a sociopolitical phenomenon known as caudillismo, which became very common in Venezuela, particularly after 1830. [ 37 ] indeed, such struggles already existed concisely after the patriot victory over the loyalists because the former spanish colonies created new nations that proclaimed their own autonomous states, which produced military confrontations with political conspirations that sent some of the former independence heroes into expatriate. [ 38 ] furthermore, there were attempts by the spanish monarchy to reconquer their erstwhile settlements in the Americas through expeditions that would help the remaining loyalist forces and advocates. however, the attempts broadly failed in Venezuela, Perú and Mexico ; therefore, the loyalist resistor forces against the republic were ultimately defeated. [ 39 ] The main characteristic of caudillismo was the arrival of authoritarian but charismatic political figures who would typically rise to ability in an improper way, much legitimizing their right to govern through undemocratic processes. These caudillos maintained their manipulate primarily on the footing of their personalities, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as skew interpretations of their popularity and what constituted a majority among the masses. On his deathbed, Bolívar envisaged the egress of countless caudillos competing for the pieces of the great nation he once dreamed about. [ citation needed ]
final examination months and death [edit ]
Saying that “ all who served the revolution have plowed the ocean ”, [ 8 ] : 450 Bolívar finally resigned the presidency on 27 April 1830, intending to leave the state for exile in Europe. [ 8 ] : 435 He had already sent several crates containing his belongings and writings ahead of him to Europe, [ 40 ] but he died before setting sail from Cartagena .
cartoon of Bolívar at historic period 47 made from biography by José María Espinosa in 1830 It is said that before Simón Bolívar died, he declared that “ America is indocile. ” Bolívar was a valet who had seen the negative in things. This negativity may have grown from the distances that had separated the big continent or from the differences in the cultures, languages, ethnicities and the races of the people. Another component could have been from the lack of political one, but it is unclear what had led him to being pessimistic. These factors had caused Bolívar to put his hope on hold of uniting the sovereign territory. Old colonial cities had been separated and newly trading centers were separated by big geographic features such as mountains, high deserts and arid plains. These were all factors in which played a role and were responsible for the fracture states during a time where wars of independence had risen. [ 41 ] On 17 December 1830, at the age of 47, Simón Bolívar died of tuberculosis in the Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino in Santa Marta, Gran Colombia ( now Colombia ). On his deathbed, Bolívar asked his adjutant, General Daniel F. O’Leary, to burn the remaining across-the-board archive of his writings, letters, and speeches. O’Leary disobeyed the arrange and his writings survived, providing historians with a wealth of information about Bolívar ‘s liberal doctrine and thinking, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as details of his personal life sentence, such as his long love affair with Manuela Sáenz. concisely before her own death in 1856, Sáenz augmented this solicitation by giving O’Leary her own letters from Bolívar. [ 40 ]
The transfer of Bolívar ‘s remains from Santa Marta to Caracas Bolívar ‘s remains were buried in the cathedral of Santa Marta. Twelve years late, in 1842, at the request of President José Antonio Páez, they were moved from Santa Marta to Caracas, where they were buried in the cathedral of Caracas together with the remains of his wife and parents. In 1876, he was moved to a repository set up for his burial at the National Pantheon of Venezuela. The Quinta near Santa Marta has been preserved as a museum with numerous references to his biography. In 2010, symbolic remains of Bolívar ‘s later-years lover, Manuela Sáenz, were besides interred in Venezuela ‘s National Pantheon. In January 2008, then- President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez set up a commission [ 44 ] to investigate theories that Bolívar was the victim of an character assassination. On several occasions, Chávez claimed that Bolívar was in fact poisoned by “ New Granada traitors ”. [ 45 ] In April 2010, infectious diseases specialist Paul Auwaerter studied records of Bolívar ‘s symptoms and concluded that he might have suffered from chronic arsenic poison, but that both acute poison and murder were unlikely. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] In July 2010, Bolívar ‘s body was ordered to be exhumed to advance the investigations. [ 48 ] In July 2011, international forensics experts released their report, claiming there was no validation of poisoning or any other affected lawsuit of death. [ 49 ]
individual life [edit ]
marriage [edit ]
Bolívar marries María Teresa del Toro in 1802. In 1799, following the early deaths of his father Juan Vicente ( in 1786 ) and his mother Concepción ( in 1792 ), Bolívar traveled to Mexico, France, and Spain, at the age of 16 years, to complete his department of education. While in Madrid during 1802 and after a biennial courtship, he married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaiza, who was to be his alone wife. She was related to the aristocratic families of the marquis del Toro of Caracas and the marquis de Inicio of Madrid. Eight months after returning to Venezuela with him, she died from chicken fever on 22 January 1803. Bolívar was so devastated by this loss that his relatives feared for his life sentence. He swore never to marry again, a promise he kept. Years late Bolívar would refer to the death of his wife as the turning point of his biography. indeed, in 1828, he told Louis Peru de Lacroix, a biographer of Bolívar who served as one of his generals, the keep up words :
You then [ … ] got married at the long time of 45 ; [ … ] I was not even 18 years erstwhile when I did the same, and I was not flush closely 19 years old when I was widowed ; I loved my wife dearly, and her death made me swear not to get married again, and I kept my word. Look the way things are : if I were not widowed, my biography would have possibly been different ; I would not be the General Bolívar nor the Libertador, though I agree that my temper is not suitable for being the landlord of San Mateo. [ 50 ]
not amazingly, spanish historian Salvador de Madariaga refers to the death of Bolívar ‘s wife as one of the key moments in Hispanic America ‘s history. [ 51 ] In 1804, he traveled again to Europe in an attempt to ease his pain and began falling into a debauched liveliness. It was then that he met again with his old teacher Simón Rodríguez in Paris, who little by little was able to transform his acute depression into a sense of commitment towards a greater cause : the independence of Venezuela. He lived in Napoleonic France for a while and undertook the Grand Tour. During this time in Europe, Bolívar met the intellectual internet explorer, Alexander von Humboldt in Rome. Humboldt late wrote : “ I was wrong spinal column then, when I judged him a puerile homo, incapable of realizing then deluxe an ambition. ” [ 8 ] : 64
Affairs and lovers [edit ]
Manuela Sáenz, lover of Bolívar who rescued him from an assassination attempt Bolívar had several love affairs. Most of them lasted just a short time. Historians, scholars and biographers much agree with the names of the most big women who stood with Bolívar, such as Josefina “ Pepita ” Machado, Fanny du Villars and Manuela Sáenz. Manuela Sáenz was the most important of those women. She was more than a fan in Bolívar ‘s late animation ; she became a trustworthy confidant and adviser. furthermore, Manuela saved Bolívar ‘s life during the September Conspiracy of 1828 in which Bolívar was about to be killed. During this character assassination attempt, Manuela diverted the assassins and frankincense gave Bolívar enough prison term to escape from his room. [ 53 ] Bolívar and Manuela met in Quito on 22 June 1822 and they began a long-run matter. The relationship was controversial at the clock time, because Manuela was already married to James Thorne, but they became estranged in 1822 due to irreconcilable differences. [ 54 ] The emotional ties between Manuela and Bolívar were strong, and Manuela attempted suicide when she received the news of Bolívar ‘s death. Despite sometimes living in the like South american cities ( such as Bogotá, Quito and Lima ), Bolívar and Manuela did not constantly have a face-to-face relationship. This love story was clear in their letters, but few of them have survived. Most of her letters were destroyed after Manuela ‘s death. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Contrary to the arguments exposed by Heinz Dieterich, Carlos Álvarez Saá, and a book edited by Fundación Editorial El Perro y la Rana publish house in 2007, several letters attributed to both Bolívar and Manuela are designed forgeries. [ 57 ] In his Memoirs of Simón Bolívar, Henri La Fayette Villaume Ducoudray Holstein, he has been called a “ not-always-reliable and never impartial witness ”, [ 58 ] described the unseasoned Bolívar, who was attempting to seize office in Venezuela and New Granada in 1814–1816. Ducoudray Holstein joined Bolívar and served on his staff as an officer during that time period. He describes Bolívar as a coward who repeatedly abandoned his military commission in front of the foe and besides as a bang-up fan of women who was accompanied at all times by two or more of his mistresses during the military operations. He would not hesitate to stop the fleet transporting the solid united states army and bounce for Margarita Island during two days to wait for his mistress to join his ship. According to Ducoudray Holstein, Bolívar behaved basically as an opportunist preferring intrigues and mystery handling to an open fight. He was besides deemed incompetent in military matters by systematically avoiding any risks and permanently being anxious for his own guard. In the Diario de Bucaramanga, Bolívar ‘s opinion of Ducoudray is presented when Louis Peru de Lacroix asked who had been Bolívar ‘s aides-de-camp since he had been general ; he mentioned Charles Eloi Demarquet and Ducoudray. Bolívar confirmed the beginning but denied the second, saying that he had met him in 1815 and accepted his services and tied admitted him to his general Staff, but “ I never trusted him enough to make him my aide-de-camp ; to the contrary, I had a very unfavorable estimate of his person and his services. ” He stated that Ducoudray ‘s deviation after only a abbreviated stay had been a “ real joy. ” [ 59 ]
Relatives [edit ]
Bolívar had no children, possibly because of sterility caused by having contracted measles and mumps as a child. His closest surviving relatives descend from his sisters and brother. One of his sisters died in infancy. His sister Juana Bolívar y Palacios married their parental uncle, Dionisio Palacios y Blanco, and had two children, Guillermo and Benigna. Guillermo Palacios died fighting alongside his uncle Simón in the battle of La Hogaza on 2 December 1817. Benigna had two marriages, the first to Pedro Briceño Méndez and the second to Pedro Amestoy. [ 60 ] Their great-grandchildren, Bolívar ‘s closest life relatives, Pedro, and Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa lived in Caracas as of 2009. His eldest baby, María Antonia, married Pablo Clemente Francia and had four children : Josefa, Anacleto, Valentina, and Pablo. María Antonia became Bolívar ‘s agent to deal with his properties while he served as president of Gran Colombia and she was an executrix of his will. She retired to Bolívar ‘s estate in Macarao, which she inherited from him. [ 61 ] His aged brother, Juan Vicente, who died in 1811 on a diplomatic mission to the United States, had three children born out of marriage whom he recognized : Juan, Fernando Simón, and Felicia Bolívar Tinoco. Bolívar provided for the children and their beget after his brother ‘s death. Bolívar was particularly close to Fernando and in 1822 sent him to study in the United States, where he attended the University of Virginia. In his long life, Fernando had minor engagement in some of the major political events of Venezuelan history and besides traveled and lived extensively throughout Europe. He had three children, Benjamín Bolívar Gauthier, Santiago Hernández Bolívar, and Claudio Bolívar Taraja. Fernando died in 1898 at the senesce of 88. [ 62 ]
personal beliefs [edit ]
Politics [edit ]
Bolívar was an admirer of both the american Revolution and the french Revolution. [ 8 ] : 35, 52–53 Bolívar even enrolled his nephew, Fernando Bolívar, in a individual school in Philadelphia, Germantown Academy, and paid for his education, including attendance at Thomas Jefferson ‘s University of Virginia. [ 8 ] : 71–72, 369 While he was an admirer of U.S. independence, he did not believe that its governmental system could work in Latin America. therefore, he claimed that the administration of heterogeneous societies like Venezuela “ will require a firm hand ”. Bolívar felt that the U.S. had been established in land specially fecund for majority rule. By contrast, he referred to Spanish America as having been subject to the “ treble yoke of ignorance, dictatorship, and frailty ”. [ 8 ] : 224 If a democracy could be established in such a country, in his heed, it would have to make some concessions in terms of liberty. This is shown when Bolívar blamed the fall of the first democracy on his subordinates trying to imitate “ some ethereal democracy ” and in the march, not paying care to the game political reality of South America. Among the books accompanying him as he traveled were Adam Smith ‘s The Wealth of Nations, Voltaire ‘s Letters and, when he was writing the bolivian constitution, Montesquieu ‘s The Spirit of the Laws. His bolivian constitution placed him within the clique of what would become latin american conservatism in the late nineteenth hundred. The bolivian constitution intended to establish a lifelong presidency and a ancestral senate, basically recreating the british ad-lib constitution, as it existed at the time. According to Carlos Fuentes :
How to govern ourselves after winning independence. It can be said that the Liberator exhausted his soul trying to find an answer to that question … Bolívar tried to avoid the extremes that would overwhelm spanish America all along the nineteenth hundred and part of the twentieth. Tyranny or anarchy ? ‘Do not aim at what is impossible to attain, because in the quest for familiarity we may fall into dictatorship. Absolute autonomy constantly leads to absolute power and among these two extremes is social autonomy ‘. In order to find this equilibrium, Bolívar proposed a ‘clever dictatorship ‘, a potent executive ability able to impose equality there where racial inequality prevailed. Bolívar warned against an ‘aristocracy of rate, use and luck ‘ that while ‘referring to liberty and guarantee ‘ it would merely be for themselves but not for levelling with members of lower classes ‘ … He is the disciple of Montesquieu in his imperativeness that institutions have to be adapted to culture. — El Espejo Enterrado, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica ( 1992 ), p. 272
freemasonry [edit ]
similarly to some others in the history of american english Independence ( George Washington, Miguel Hidalgo, José de San Martín, Bernardo O’Higgins, Francisco de Paula Santander, Antonio Nariño, and Francisco de Miranda ), Simón Bolívar was a Freemason. He was initiated in 1803 in the Masonic Lodge Lautaro, which operated in Cádiz, Spain. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] It was in this lodge that he beginning met some of his revolutionary peers, such as José de San Martín. In May 1806 he was conferred the rank of Master Mason in the “ scots mother of St. Alexander of Scotland ” in Paris. During his time in London, he frequented “ The great american english Reunion ” charge in London, founded by Francisco de Miranda. In April 1824, Simón Bolívar was given the 33rd degree of Inspector General Honorary. [ 69 ] He founded the Masonic Lodge No. 2 of Peru, named “ Order and Liberty ”. [ 70 ] [ 71 ]
bequest [edit ]
political bequest [edit ]
due to the historical relevance of Bolívar as a keystone element during the march of independence in Hispanic America, his memory has been powerfully attached to sentiments of nationalism and patriotism, being a perennial theme of grandiosity in politics. Since the image of Bolívar became an significant part to the national identities of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, his blanket is much claimed by spanish american american politicians all across the political spectrum. [ citation needed ] In Venezuela, Bolívar left behind a militarist bequest [ 72 ] with multiple governments utilizing the memory, persona and written bequest of Bolívar as significant parts of their political messages and propaganda. [ 73 ] Bolívar disapprove of the excesses of “ party spirit ” and “ factions ”, which led to an anti-political environment in Venezuela. [ 74 ] For a lot of the 1800s, Venezuela was ruled by caudillos, with six rebellions occurring to take control of Venezuela between 1892 and 1900 alone. [ 74 ] The militarist bequest was then used by the nationalist dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez [ 73 ] and more recently the socialist political campaign led by Hugo Chávez. [ 75 ]
Monuments and physical bequest [edit ]
The nations of Bolivia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and their respective currencies ( the Bolivian boliviano and the Venezuelan bolívar ), are all named after Bolívar. Most cities and towns in Colombia and Venezuela are built around a main feather known as Plaza Bolívar, as is Bogotá. [ 76 ] In this model, most governmental buildings and public structures are located on or around the plaza, including the National Capitol and the Palace of Justice. Besides Quito and Caracas, there are monuments to Bolívar in the romance american capitals of Lima, [ 77 ] Buenos Aires, [ 78 ] Montevideo, [ 79 ] Havana, [ 80 ] Mexico City, [ 81 ] Panama City, [ 82 ] Paramaribo, [ 83 ] San José, [ 84 ] Santo Domingo [ 85 ] and Sucre. [ 86 ] In Bogotá, the Simón Bolívar Park has hosted many concerts. [ 87 ] Outside of Latin America, the diverseness of monuments to Simón Bolívar are a continuing testament to his bequest. These include statues in many capitals around the global, including Algiers, [ 88 ] Bucharest, [ 89 ] London, [ 90 ] Minsk, [ 91 ] Moscow, [ 92 ] New Delhi, [ 93 ] Ottawa, [ 94 ] Paris, [ 95 ] Prague, [ 96 ] port-au-prince, [ 97 ] Rome, [ 98 ] Sofia, [ 99 ] Tehran, [ 100 ] Vienna [ 101 ] and Washington, D.C. [ 102 ] several cities in Spain, particularly in the Basque Country, have constructed monuments to Bolívar, including a large memorial in Bilbao [ 103 ] and a comprehensive examination Venezuelan government-funded museum in Cenarruza-Puebla de Bolívar, [ 104 ] his ancestral hometown. In the US, an imposing bronze equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar stands at the southerly entrance to Central Park at the Avenue of the Americas in New York City which besides celebrates Bolívar ‘s contributions to Latin America. [ 105 ] In New Orleans, the Simon Bolivar Monument at Canal and Basin Streets was a give to the american city from Venezuela in 1957. [ 106 ] The Bolivar Peninsula in Texas ; [ 107 ] Bolivar County, Mississippi ; Bolivar, New York ; Bolivar, West Virginia ; Bolivar, Ohio ; [ 108 ] and Bolivar, Tennessee are besides named in his respect. [ 109 ] Monuments to Bolívar ‘s military bequest besides comprise one of Venezuelan Navy ‘s sail education barques, which is named after him, and the USS Simon Bolivar, a Benjamin Franklin -class fleet ballistic projectile bomber which served with the U.S. Navy between 1965 and 1995. minor satellite 712 Boliviana discovered by Max Wolf is named in his honor. The mention was suggested by Camille Flammarion. [ 110 ] The foremost Venezuelan satellite, Venesat-1, was given the alternative name Simón Bolívar after him. [ 111 ] His birthday is a public holiday in Venezuela and Bolivia .
In popular culture [edit ]
Simón Bolívar was composed in 1883 by Libertador’s birth The triumphal marchwas composed in 1883 by Nicolò Gabrielli to mark the hundredth anniversary ofs birth Bolívar has been depicted in opera, literature, film, and other media, and continues to be a share of the popular culture in many countries. In 1883, to celebrate 100 years since his birth, the italian musician Nicolò Gabrielli composed the exultant march Simón Bolívar and dedicated it to then president of Venezuela Antonio Guzmán Blanco. In 1943 Darius Milhaud composed the opera Bolívar. He is besides the central quality in Gabriel García Márquez ‘s 1989 fresh The General in His Labyrinth, in which he is portrayed in a less epic but more humanist manner than in most other parts of his bequest. In 1969, Maximilian Schell played the function of Simón Bolívar in the film of the same name by conductor Alessandro Blasetti, which besides featured actress Rosanna Schiaffino. Bolívar ‘s biography was besides the footing of the 2013 film Libertador, starring Édgar Ramírez and directed by Alberto Arvelo. In an sequence of the spanish television series The Ministry of Time, “ Tiempo de ilustrados ( Time of the Enlightened ) ”, the prison term agents help him win the heart of his future wife, as this was considered cardinal for Bolívar to fulfil his destiny. Later in the second season of the series the meter agents will find him again in 1828 ( two years before his end ) to avoid his murder, planned by Santander ‘s followers. As of 2019, a Netflix serial has been released depicting Bolívar ‘s life and the major events surrounding it. The Netflix series is a colombian production with spanish as the independent speech. The town of Bolivar, TN was named after Bolívar. In May 2020, he was released as the playable drawing card of Gran Colombia in Civilization VI ‘s New Frontier Pass. His drawing card ability allows the recruitment of “ Comandante Generals, ” which are real-life generals who served with him, such as José Antonio Páez, Antonio José de Sucre, and Francisco de Paula Santander. [ 112 ]
See besides [edit ]
Notes [edit ]
- ^Simón is pronounced as Spanish [siˈmon] In isolation, is pronounced as spanish, and that is the pronunciation in the record .
- ^ “ Por la venas del libertador corría sangre guanche, en efecto, su abuela materna, doña Francisca Blanco de Herrera, descendía de san martines, earned run average nieta de Juana Gutiérrez, de “ nación guanche ”, y procedía además de otras familias canarias establecidas en Venezuela, tales como las de Blanco, Ponte, Herrera, Saavedra, Peraza, Ascanio y Guerra ” ( “ Through the Liberator ‘s veins ran Guanche blood. In fact his maternal grandma, Francisca Blanco de Herrera, was a descendant of the original Canarian people, as she was the granddaughter of Juana Gutiérrez, of “ the Guanche nation ”, and besides came from other Canarian families established in Venezuela, such as Blanco, Ponte, Herrera, Saavedra, Peraza, Ascanio and Guerra. “ ). Hernández García, Julio : Book “ Canarias – América : El orgullo de ser canario en América ” ( Canarias – America : The pride of being a Canario in America ). first gear version, 1989. Historia Popular de Canarias ( Popular History of the Canary Islands ) .
References [edit ]
Cited sources
further read [edit ]
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